Albert Einstein

[محمد طلال هديب]

Einstein in 1947


Born


March 14, 1879(1879-03-14)

Ulm, Württemberg, Germany

Died


April 18, 1955 (aged 76)

Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.

Residence


Germany, Italy, Switzerland, United States


Citizenship


German (1879–96, 1914–33)

Swiss (1901–55)

American (1940–55)

Ethnicity


Ashkenazi Jewish


Fields


Physicist


Institutions


SwissPatent Office (Berne)

Univ. of Zurich
Charles Univ.
Prussian Acad. of Sciences
Kaiser Wilhelm Inst.
Univ. of Leiden

Inst. for Advanced Study

Alma mater


ETH Zurich

University of Zurich (doctorate)

Doctoral advisor


Alfred Kleiner


Known for


General relativity

Special relativity
Brownian motion
Photoelectric effect
Mass-energy *****alence
Einstein field equations
Unified Field Theory
Bose–Einstein statistics

EPR paradox

Notable awards




Copley Medal (1925)

Max Planck Medal (1929)

Signature





Albert Einstein (German: IPA: [ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n](Audio file)(help·info); English: IPA: /ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn/) (March 14, 1879 – April 18, 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist. He is best known for his theory of relativity and specifically mass–energy *****alence, E = mc2. Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect."[1]


Einstein's many contributions to physics include his special theory of relativity, which reconciled mechanics with electromagnetism, and his general theory of relativity, which extended the principle of relativity to non-uniform motion, creating a new theory of gravitation. His other contributions include relativistic cosmology, capillary action, critical opalescence, classical problems of statistical mechanics and their application to quantum theory, an explanation of the Brownian movement of molecules, atomic transitionprobabilities, the quantum theory of a monatomic gas, thermal properties of light with low radiation density (which laid the foundation for the photon theory), a theory of radiation including stimulated emission, the conception of a unified field theory, and the geometrization of physics.


Works by Albert Einstein include more than fifty scientific papers and also non-scientific books.[2][3] Einstein is revered by the physics community,[4] and in 1999 Time magazine named him the "Person of the Century". In wider culture the name "Einstein" has become synonymous with genius.

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