محمد طلال هديب
14-03-2009, 01:29 PM
Einstein in 1947
Born
March 14 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_14), 1879 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1879)(1879-03-14)
Ulm (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulm), Württemberg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg), Germany (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany)
Died
April 18 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_18), 1955 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955) (aged 76)
Princeton (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton%2C_New_Jersey), New Jersey (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey), U.S. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States)
Residence
Germany (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany), Italy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy), Switzerland (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland), United States (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States)
Citizenship
German (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany) (1879–96, 1914–33)
Swiss (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland) (1901–55)
American (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (1940–55)
Ethnicity
Ashkenazi Jewish (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jew)
Fields
Physicist (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics)
Institutions
Swiss (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland)Patent Office (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_Office) (Berne (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berne))
Univ. of Zurich (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Zurich)
Charles Univ. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_University_in_Prague)
Prussian Acad. of Sciences (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences)
Kaiser Wilhelm Inst. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Institute)
Univ. of Leiden (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden_University)
Inst. for Advanced Study (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study)
Alma mater (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_mater)
ETH Zurich (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETH_Zurich)
University of Zurich (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Zurich) (doctorate)
Doctoral (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate) advisor
Alfred Kleiner (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Kleiner)
Known for
General relativity (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity)
Special relativity (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_relativity)
Brownian motion (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_motion)
Photoelectric effect (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect)
Mass-energy *****alence (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass-energy_*****alence)
Einstein field equations (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_field_equations)
Unified Field Theory (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_unified_field_theori es)
Bose–Einstein statistics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_statisti cs)
EPR paradox (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPR_paradox)
Notable awards
Copley Medal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copley_Medal) (1925)
Max Planck Medal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Medal) (1929)
Signature
Albert Einstein (German (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_********): IPA: [ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA)(Audio file) (http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6b/Albert_Einstein_german.ogg)(he lp (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help)·info (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Albert_Einstein_german.o gg)); English (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_********): IPA: /ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn/ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation)) (March 14 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_14), 1879 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1879) – April 18 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_18), 1955 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955)) was a German (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany)-born theoretical physicist (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_physics). He is best known for his theory of relativity (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_relativity) and specifically mass–energy *****alence (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_*****alenc e), E = mc2. Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics) "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect)."[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein#cite_note-0#cite_note-0)
Einstein's many contributions to physics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics) include his special theory of relativity (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_theory_of_relativity), which reconciled mechanics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanics) with electromagnetism (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism), and his general theory of relativity (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_theory_of_relativity), which extended the principle of relativity (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_relativity) to non-uniform motion, creating a new theory of gravitation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation). His other contributions include relativistic cosmology (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_cosmology), capillary action (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary_action), critical opalescence (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_opalescence), classical problems (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_physics) of statistical mechanics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_mechanics) and their application to quantum theory (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics), an explanation of the Brownian movement (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_motion) of molecules (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule), atomic transition (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_rule)probabilities (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability), the quantum theory of a monatomic gas (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monatomic_gas), thermal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics) properties of light (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light) with low radiation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation) density (which laid the foundation for the photon (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon) theory), a theory of radiation including stimulated emission (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulated_emission), the conception of a unified field theory (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_unified_field_theori es), and the geometrization of physics.
Works by Albert Einstein (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_by_Albert_Einstein) include more than fifty scientific papers and also non-scientific books.[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein#cite_note-1#cite_note-1)[3] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein#cite_note-2#cite_note-2) Einstein is revered by the physics community,[4] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein#cite_note-3#cite_note-3) and in 1999 Time (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29) magazine named him the "Person of the Century (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person_of_the_Century)". In wider culture the name "Einstein" has become synonymous with genius (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius).
Born
March 14 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_14), 1879 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1879)(1879-03-14)
Ulm (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulm), Württemberg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg), Germany (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany)
Died
April 18 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_18), 1955 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955) (aged 76)
Princeton (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton%2C_New_Jersey), New Jersey (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey), U.S. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States)
Residence
Germany (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany), Italy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy), Switzerland (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland), United States (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States)
Citizenship
German (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany) (1879–96, 1914–33)
Swiss (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland) (1901–55)
American (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) (1940–55)
Ethnicity
Ashkenazi Jewish (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jew)
Fields
Physicist (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics)
Institutions
Swiss (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland)Patent Office (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_Office) (Berne (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berne))
Univ. of Zurich (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Zurich)
Charles Univ. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_University_in_Prague)
Prussian Acad. of Sciences (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences)
Kaiser Wilhelm Inst. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Institute)
Univ. of Leiden (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden_University)
Inst. for Advanced Study (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study)
Alma mater (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_mater)
ETH Zurich (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETH_Zurich)
University of Zurich (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Zurich) (doctorate)
Doctoral (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate) advisor
Alfred Kleiner (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Kleiner)
Known for
General relativity (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity)
Special relativity (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_relativity)
Brownian motion (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_motion)
Photoelectric effect (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect)
Mass-energy *****alence (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass-energy_*****alence)
Einstein field equations (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_field_equations)
Unified Field Theory (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_unified_field_theori es)
Bose–Einstein statistics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_statisti cs)
EPR paradox (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPR_paradox)
Notable awards
Copley Medal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copley_Medal) (1925)
Max Planck Medal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Medal) (1929)
Signature
Albert Einstein (German (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_********): IPA: [ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA)(Audio file) (http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6b/Albert_Einstein_german.ogg)(he lp (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help)·info (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Albert_Einstein_german.o gg)); English (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_********): IPA: /ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn/ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation)) (March 14 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_14), 1879 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1879) – April 18 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_18), 1955 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955)) was a German (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany)-born theoretical physicist (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_physics). He is best known for his theory of relativity (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_relativity) and specifically mass–energy *****alence (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_*****alenc e), E = mc2. Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics) "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect)."[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein#cite_note-0#cite_note-0)
Einstein's many contributions to physics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics) include his special theory of relativity (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_theory_of_relativity), which reconciled mechanics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanics) with electromagnetism (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism), and his general theory of relativity (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_theory_of_relativity), which extended the principle of relativity (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_relativity) to non-uniform motion, creating a new theory of gravitation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation). His other contributions include relativistic cosmology (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_cosmology), capillary action (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary_action), critical opalescence (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_opalescence), classical problems (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_physics) of statistical mechanics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_mechanics) and their application to quantum theory (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics), an explanation of the Brownian movement (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_motion) of molecules (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule), atomic transition (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_rule)probabilities (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability), the quantum theory of a monatomic gas (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monatomic_gas), thermal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics) properties of light (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light) with low radiation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation) density (which laid the foundation for the photon (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon) theory), a theory of radiation including stimulated emission (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulated_emission), the conception of a unified field theory (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_unified_field_theori es), and the geometrization of physics.
Works by Albert Einstein (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_by_Albert_Einstein) include more than fifty scientific papers and also non-scientific books.[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein#cite_note-1#cite_note-1)[3] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein#cite_note-2#cite_note-2) Einstein is revered by the physics community,[4] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein#cite_note-3#cite_note-3) and in 1999 Time (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29) magazine named him the "Person of the Century (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person_of_the_Century)". In wider culture the name "Einstein" has become synonymous with genius (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius).